The Context of a Swear Words

Language and its unpredictability is evidently perhaps the best ability that mankind has. It has existed for a huge number of years and mirrors the uniqueness of the people. The collaboration, which language permits, makes unlimited prospects in articulation and passing on of information.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Context of a Swear Words explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The boundless measure of words, phrases and the manner in which they are assembled, allows to completely and for all intents and purposes speak with others and oneself. The swear words are a different division of language, as the importance of the swear words enormously contrasts from others. By one assessment, the swearing in the advanced society has expanded. From another point of view, the inverse may be valid. The setting of a swear word is casual and foul. Here and there, a word is utilized strange, so by implication, any word can be marked as no-no. The curren t world has been significantly desensitized to swear words and regularly, individuals don't think about it as sticking out. Official social figures and specialists don't utilize foul language, as they have a picture to help. This is the place the intensity of language exhibits itself in the fullest range of its capacities. In the media, any sort of language is utilized since it is viewed as a work of art or kind of articulation. As individuals become accustomed to hearing these words, they quit considering them â€Å"taboo†. It is the significance behind the words. Regularly, something that is expressed apparently clear, on further idea can surmise another importance, so swearing may be applied. The audience should dissect the circumstance and conditions, which were available during the talking. These are a piece of aberrant discourse, which thusly lead to the roundabout discourse acts. The word â€Å"act†, characterizes the importance and the physical comprehension of what is being said and, which activities will the said words lead to. There are numerous elements that impact the comprehension and presumptions of both the speaker and the audience. Accordingly, a general public has a requirement for inconsiderateness and articulation of outrage. Probably, swear words will consistently exist in some structure, as the need to separate from formal language can't vanish. Another significant viewpoint in seeing how and information disclosed is the way of life of a country. Once in a while accepted practices are exacting, so the swear words will remain no-no. The significance ascribed to specific words could totally change the proposed importance of the speaker. For instance, in certain societies it may be inconsiderate to legitimately answer a solicitation with a no and an individual unconscious of that could affront the audience, without knowing it. This would make words not the same as western swear words untouchable. Incongruity and mockery are oth er social characteristics. A country that acknowledges such things will comprehend the speaker and value the reference made, yet somebody from an alternate foundation will make a contrary inclination towards the individual talking. The notoriety of the speaker likewise assumes a job in communicating unsatisfactory words.Advertising Looking for article on etymology? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A genuine model is, if numb nuts is said by various individuals: a cop, a parent and a kid. The roundabout setting is being lined up with the individual and their situation in the general public. In the event that the cop is known to have a â€Å"foul-mouthed† notoriety, this won't be a shock and ignored. A parent who finds their kid troublemaking would need to by one way or another express frustration, subsequently ascribing ‘a negative’ importance to the word (Verderber 2012). Frequently, some swear words have a much more terrible implication since it has no association with different words and is intended to irritate. This type of discourse use shows up in practically all occurrences of life. On the off chance that somebody utilizes words furthering their potential benefit, it very well may be thought of as a ‘allowed’ activity. A ton of swearing is utilized in satire for diversion impact, so it expected as well as is welcome. Actually, it is hard to track down accurate help on the use. The world is getting progressively liberal, and racial, just as sex contrasts are blending. The more youthful populace gets intellectually more seasoned quicker, so there are entire gatherings of individuals who swear now however didn't previously. Additionally, numerous individuals have one of a kind characters and use words that were utilized quite a while prior. This would imply that they are not as normal and are not thought of as totally discourteous. A few models are grisly which impli es ‘bad’ or Gosh alluding to ‘God’. Despite the fact that they probably won't appear as irreverent today, the setting is as yet present. The advanced swear words have become sentence fillers and supplant numerous different words. For instance, poop can be utilized to portray some ‘things’ that were finished during the day. In that capacity, a nearby information on the way of life is important to ‘decode’ such use (Hughes 2006). Human correspondence is an entirely important asset and must be viewed as a benefit. Any maltreatment ought not go on without serious consequences on the grounds that the outcomes are frequently disastrous, when those with all the force can transform people in general into their partner and use it to demolish ethics and harmony, everybody so steadily battles for. Works Cited Hughes, Geoffrey. An Encyclopedia of Swearing. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006. Print. Verderber, Rudolph. The Challenge of Effective Spe aking. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Context of a Swear Words explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article on The Context of a Swear Words was composed and put together by client Dalia Fitzpatrick to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

A Separte Peace Essay Essay Research Paper

A Separte Peace Essay, Research Paper Throughout everyday life, chronicled occasions oftentimes play an of import work in an individual s life. Commonly individuals can definitely hold an adjustment of conclusion over dim. In A Separate Peace, the entire feel at the Devon School changed as World War II advanced. The male childs either eagerly anticipated bill of trade, liked to enroll in the nation of war they needed, or did non want to go by any stretch of the imagination. The understudies at the school had to make exercises for satisfaction since old 1s could non be played due to inadequacy of stuffs. At the point when a companion comes back from the war, the male childs at Devon got an existent feeling of what the war resembled. The male childs discovered that making a trip to war was non all joy and games like they had foreseen. The impact World War II had on the characters in A Separate Peace and life at the Devon School, was obviously portrayed through their activities and exercises. The start of the novel permits the peruser to obtain a vibe of what the Devon School resembled during that cut period. Understudies of war age were constantly go forthing Devon to go to the war, either by pick or by bill of trade. Regardless of whether childs needed to travel or non, the hope was ever present. As winter moved toward the Devon school, so was the encroaching shadow of the war. The male childs were shouted to help scoop free a troop train caught by snow-blocked ways. The experience # 8220 ; brings the war place # 8221 ; for every one of them, and they understood they would hold to face a significant assurance actually in the blink of an eye. Development jumps upon them, regardless of whether they # 8217 ; re prepared for it or non, at the stamp age of 17. The elation of the war had gotten to everyone at the school, including the staff, and made it a higgledy piggledy topographic point. The male childs had the option to get away with ignoring the guidelines. Numerous stu dents cut classification, and left school confirms every now and again and were non punished. At the point when Leper came back from the war the male childs understood that take separating in the war wasn t all joy and games, and that a bunch of terrible things occurred. At the point when Leper revealed to Gene how he had been released on charges of craziness, Gene exploded at Leper. Quality had thought the war was a decent topographic point, and the impression of a Section Eight Discharge was non what he needed to hear. It entirely demolished Gene s thoughts and his expectations. Quality was entirely determined to enrolling in the ground powers, to perceive what such a significant number of different s were sing, until Leper educated him regarding the war s negative features. Pariah, more vanquished than anybody, did non divide his ground for returning spot with everybody. He was embarrassed, and did non want to divide the repulsions of war with everybody. Shortage of famous stuffs made it hard for the male childs at Devon to go on with some typical exercises. Finny, the athletic male youngster he was, made up Blitzball, a game named after the observed Blitzkrieg ( a German war move ) . The round of class was fruitful in keeping up the male childs occupied. Alongside athletic innovative exercises, the male childs began a nine called The Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session, a nine which around six male childs pursued. The nine met about each dim, and had specific enlistments for the individuals. The nine was intended to give the male childs something to make since they couldn't participate in the normal things they did. The male childs at Devon were non holding a similar kind of school twelvemonth that they had in the days of old. In part as a result of an interuption in their everyday lives. World War II affected life in the novel A Separate Peace. The author shows the impact through the character s activities and exercises. The students at the Devon School were overpowered with the idea of war, and were hungrily anticipating that their going should a nation of it. In any case, when an old buddy came back from the war with an alternate idea of how it was, the male childs reevaluated their devotion. The male childs had to do up games and such to partake in to keep up them involved when they weren t examination. This epic demonstrated that like with other major authentic occasions, war can entirely change a way of life, adjusting everything from characters to exercises.

Kennedy, Robert Francis

Kennedy, Robert Francis Kennedy, Robert Francis, 1925â€"68, American politician, U.S. Attorney General (1961â€"64), b. Brookline, Mass., younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and son of Joseph P. Kennedy . A graduate of Harvard (1948) and the Univ. of Virginia law school (1951), Bobby Kennedy managed his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. From 1953 to 1956 he was counsel to the Senate subcommittee chaired by Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy . He then became (1957) chief counsel to the subcommittee investigating labor rackets and there gained a reputation for toughness by exposing corruption in the Teamsters Union . In 1960 he was manager of his brother's presidential campaign. His inclusion in President Kennedy's cabinet gave rise to charges of nepotism, but he proved a vigorous attorney general, especially in prosecuting civil rights cases. He was also his brother's closest adviser. After John Kennedy's assassination, Robert Kennedy continued for a time in President Lynd on Johnson 's cabinet, but in 1964 he resigned to run for election as Senator from New York. Despite criticism that he was a carpetbagger, he succeeded. In the Senate he was a vigorous advocate of social reform and became identified particularly as a spokesman for the rights of minorities. Although Kennedy had supported his brother's intensification of American aid to the South Vietnamese government, he became increasingly critical of Johnson's escalation of the Vietnam War and by 1968 was advocating that the Viet Cong be included in a South Vietnamese coalition government. Urged to run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968, Kennedy appeared reluctant until Sen. Eugene McCarthy 's showing in the New Hampshire Democratic primary convinced him that a challenge to Johnson could be successful. Kennedy announced his candidacy on Mar. 16, 1968. Although Johnson withdrew (Mar. 31) from the race, the administration's standard passed to Vice President Hubert Humphrey , wh ile Senator McCarthy retained the support of many opponents of the Vietnam War, who accused Kennedy of opportunism. Kennedy conducted an energetic campaign and won a series of primary victories, culminating in California on June 4. At the end of that day he gave a victory speech in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, and while leaving was shot. He died a day later (June 6, 1968). The gunman, Sirhan B. Sirhan, was captured at the scene and later convicted of murder. Like his brother John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He wrote The Enemy Within (1960), Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969), and To Seek a Newer World (1969). Bibliography See E. O. Guthman and J. Shulman, Robert Kennedy: In His Own Words (1988); memoir by J. Newfield (1969); biographies by A. M. Schlesinger, Jr. (1978), E. Thomas (2000), and L. Tye (2016); P. Kimball, Bobby Kennedy and the New Politics (1968); D. Halberstam, The Unfinished Od yssey of Robert Kennedy (1968); D. Ross, ed., Robert Kennedy: Apostle of Change (1968); J. Witcover, Eighty-Five Days (1969); V. Navasky, Kennedy Justice (1971); M. K. Beran, The Last Patrician (1998); R. Steel, In Love with Night: The American Romance with Robert Kennedy (1999). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Women in Art Essay - 2187 Words

Women in Art Throughout history many artistic works have been deemed great and many individuals have been labeled masters of the discipline. The question of who creates art and how is it to be classified as great or greater than another has commonly been addressed by scholars and historians. The last quarter of the 20th century has reexamined these questions based on the assertions that no women artists have ever created or been appreciated to the level of greatness that perpetually befalls their male counterparts. The position that society has institutionalized on women as unable to be anything but subordinate and unexpressive is a major contributor to this claim. Giving a brief history of gender discrimination in the art†¦show more content†¦According to the Guerrilla Girls, art museums average 15% women in curated exhibits, and minority women only .003%. On top of that, only 4% of museum acquisitions are of work by women artists (Strawter). The study of why women artists have systematically been erased from history and why currently the exhibition of womens art is not valued as much as the male artists continues. There have been many theories behind the eradication of women artists from history. At the beginning of the Womens Liberation Movement, an art historian by the name of Linda Nochlin published an article called, Why have there been no great women artists? In here article, she addressed her own question offering one of the first consciously feminist challenges to the established canons of art history. Her query proved to be a rallying cry for women artists in the fervent days of the Womens Liberation movement and offered fragments of a manifesto to women artists, and others, intent on reexamining and ultimately restructuring the discipline (Morse, 1992). Nochlin argues that contemporary feminists contend that there is a different greatness between mens art and womens art. This view of art undermines the ge neral discipline. It categorizes its value in order to give it a higher classification among gender. Many women are trying to delve back into history and recapture any trace of artistic women in order to document and arrange theirShow MoreRelatedBlack Women in Art1267 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Women in Art Historically and currently African American women use art as a way to express themselves, their emotions and as an act of resistance. In this paper, I will discuss the various ways two very influential artists, Laurie Cooper and Lorna Simpson, use imagery to uncover and forefront the various forms of oppression that affect their lives as African American women. Since the late 1970s, African American art, as a form of self expression, explores issues which concern African peoplesRead MoreEssay on Women In Art473 Words   |  2 Pages Women throughout history, from the 1500’s till now have been looked at as objects. In the 1500’s during the time of the Renaissance woman were often portrayed in art in the nude. Curves at that time showed women as being goddess like. The more curvy and voluptuous you were the more beautiful men saw you. Artists who painted the female body were often commissioned by rich men to paint these paintings to hang in their houses. Women in this age are still portrayed in art in the nude. Mostly in nudeRead MoreWomen s Art Journey By Depicting Women941 Words   |  4 Pagesmany artists begin their art journey by depicting women. Although women have been excluded from art history for a few centuries, a closer look at what inspired great male artists shows they were still very much involved. For some of history’s most famous artists, the lives of women were not simple ones, they were more than muses or wives; they were partners in love, passion and creativity. As Marie-Th erese Walter to Picasso, Frida Kahlo to Diego Rivera. Before the modern art era, portraying a femaleRead MoreWomen in Oceanic Art and Culture1159 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Unit Four Assignment One Women in Oceanic Art and Culture â€Å"I certify that I have read A Student s Guide to Academic Integrity at the University of Oklahoma, and this paper is an original paper composed by me for this course. Except where properly cited and attributed, it has not been copied or closely reworded from any other source and has not been submitted as a whole, or in part, for credit in any other course at OU or any other educational institution. It has not been created or submittedRead More Black Women in Art Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pages Black Women in Art Historically and currently African American women use art as a way to express themselves, their emotions and as an act of resistance. 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While talking about the two cultures, I will describe some interesting but common themes the Paleolithic cultures and the modern culture encounter: what our modern culture has embraced and those things that it has deserted of which the PaleolithicRead MoreWomen in Art History Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in Art History Gender credo has signified political and cultural values in Greek and Roman era. In particular women representation in artwork has pondered and reinforced the values of their times. In the articles, Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze by Joan B. Connelly and The Muted Other by Natalie Boyment Kampen, the Parthenon frieze, the Ara Pacis: Imperial Family frieze, and Cornelia: Mother of the Gracchi, are pieces depicted to characterizeRead MoreWomen in Art and Their Role’s in Society Essay817 Words   |  4 Pages Women have played many roles in societies since the dawn of time ever changing with time and from society to society. Each society hold a special place and role for women good and bad. Freedoms and equality of women has varied from opression to freedom. I will discuss some specific pieces of art and explain how the art shows the role of women in a specific society. I will tell you of their paril and achivements through time. Giving you a glimpse into the lives of women and how they were percievedRead MoreArts Therapy For Sub Fertile Women1205 Words   |  5 PagesArts Therapy for Sub-Fertile Women In a study done by Hughes (2010) art therapy was used with sub-fertile women in a group setting. Eight two hour long semi structure sessions were conducted based on different techniques each week. Techniques included making and decorating a portfolio, body mapping, hand painting, a drawing of a tree, and group painting. Body mapping allowed for the women to draw what sub-fertility meant to them. Hand painting was used to explore the women’s perceptions of theirRead More The History of Modern Women and Body Art Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Modern Women and Body Art I chose to do this field report on body art because I, personally, find the topic very complex and interesting. It is for this reason that I decided to narrow the scope of my field research. I am focusing this report on the trends and evolution in body art as relating to modern women. When I say modern women I am referring to the women from about the 18th century to the current day. I chose to focus on women imparticular because of the strong societal

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - 1091 Words

UNIT 2: MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Unit 2: Unit code: QCF level: Credit value: Aim Managing Financial Resources and Decisions H/601/0548 4 15 credits The unit aim is to provide learners with an understanding of where and how to access sources of finance for a business, and the skills to use financial information for decision making. Unit abstract This unit is designed to give learners a broad understanding of the sources and availability of finance for a business organisation. Learners will learn how to evaluate these different sources and compare how they are used. They will learn how financial information is recorded and how to use this information to make decisions for example in planning and budgeting. Decisions†¦show more content†¦ypes of business ie limited company, partnership, sole trader Interpretation: use of key accounting ratios for profitability, liquidity, efficiency and investment; comparison both external ie other companies, industry standards and internal ie previous periods, budgets BH023329 – Edexcel BTEC Levels 4 and 5 Higher Nationals specification in Business – Issue 1 – April 2010  © Edexcel Limited 2010 9 UNIT 2: MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Learning outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomes On successful completion of this unit a learner will: LO1 Understand the sources of finance available to a business Assessment criteria for pass The learner can: 1.1 identify the sources of finance available to a business 1.2 assess the implications of the different sources 1.3 evaluate appropriate sources of finance for a business project LO2 Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business 2.1 analyse the costs of different sources of finance 2.2 explain the importance of financial planning 2.3 assess the information needs of different decision makers 2.4 explain the impact of finance on the financial statements LO3 Be able to make financial decisions based on financial information 3.1 analyse budgets and make appropriate decisions 3.2 explain the calculation of unit costs and make pricing decisions using relevant information 3.3 assess the viability of a project using investment appraisal techniques LO4 Be able to evaluate the financialShow MoreRelatedManaging Financial Resources and Decision1445 Words   |  6 PagesManaging Financial Resources and Decisions-HND Assignment HND Assignment Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Scenario: Emaar Properties on Sunday announced to build a new hotel in Downtown area and that will be the second tallest property in the high-end area, according to chief executive officer for retail Arif Amiri. Amiri did not disclose value of the project and even declined to give the sale price. â€Å"We will announce the price at public launch on September 22,† he told reporters atRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions1280 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Brief Unit 2 Managing Financial Resources and Decisions P.1. Identify short term, medium term and long term sources of finance available to Blue Orange Solutions. Long Term âÅ"“ Loans âÅ"“ Debentures âÅ"“ Bank loans (mortgage) âÅ"“ Merchant or Investment Banks Short / Medium Term âÅ"“ Bank loans âÅ"“ Overdraft facilities âÅ"“ Trade credit âÅ"“ Leasing 1. Business Angels Read MoreManaging Financial Resources And Decisions2502 Words   |  11 Pages Unit Number: 2 Unit Title: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Unit 2: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Assignment Cover Sheet Assignment No: 825789 I hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work. I have identified and acknowledged all sources used in this assignment and have referenced according to the Harvard referencing system. I have read and understood the Plagiarism and Collusion section provided with the assignment brief and understoodRead MoreManaging Financial Resources And Decisions1818 Words   |  8 PagesIDP 2: Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Assignment Introduction All businesses need finance because that refers to sources of money for business. The reason why firms need finance to: - Start-up a business – eg: pay for premises, new equipment and business strategies short-term or long-term. - Run the business – eg: having enough money to pay for rent, rate, bills, wages and suppliers on time. - Expand the business – e.g.: having funds to pay for new equipment, new office or a branchRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions4117 Words   |  17 Pagesand equity financing, which includes common shares, preference shares and retained profit. 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Wants to start a franchise restaurant Wimpy and needs help with the financial resources and planning part.    Step one, there are different souses of finance and it’s divided into internal and external finance, money that comes from within a company and theRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decision Ii9980 Words   |  40 Pages 11 Task Two: Unit Costs 12 Task Three: Pricing Decisions 18 Task Four: Investment Appraisal 1. Net Present Value (NPV) approach 22 2. Internal Rate of Return ( IRR) approach 23 3. Payback period 25 4. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) 25 Task Five: Financial Statements 1. Main financial statements used by organisations 27 2. Differences between financial statements of various businesses 36 3. Ratio Analysis

International Business in Japan Free Essays

string(54) " holdings formed the glue between these six Keiretsu\." Abstract Capitalist and mostly single family centered, Zaibatsu led to a static system with weak competitive forces resulting in what is known as ‘cordial oligopoly’. (Niciejewska, 2007, pg 17) Keiretsu networks on the other hand, with its cross stockholdings is more dynamic and provided a more competitive business economy that continued to drive the Japanese economy during the post war period. The high cohesion that existed between the participating firms in the vertical keiretsu resulted in production and operational efficiency that gave Japanese manufacturers significant advantages in international markets. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business in Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The impact of information technology and the internet in particular enabled the western countries implement modular production strategies and improved value chain management with setting up of contracted production centers across the globe. The japans keiretsu firms struggled to fight the American companies that specialized in single core functions leading to what is known as the mega competition. Keiretsu networks are unsuitable under modern, globally competitive, and technologically advanced market conditions. There is definitely a shift towards a more western centric business organization. Introduction Japanese corporate governance has undergone a lot of change since the Meiji restoration in 1868. It was during this time that the industrial revolution flourished across the world. The Zaibatsu originated when the Meiji government sold out certain government undertakings to a select few private and influential families namely Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda and Sumitomo. These government controlled firms slowly developed into different industries that helped Japan grow economically strong. During this period Japan practiced a closed economic system and foreign technology was totally shunned except in areas concerning domestic development (Thorson Whitney, 2003). The Zaibatsu which could be loosely translated as monopolies emerged as the corporate structure that underlined the Japanese economy from this time till the end of the Second World War. In particular, the Zaibatsu or the industrial and financial conglomeration of the Japanese empire controlled a large percentage of the national economy during the first few decades of the twentieth century. In the aftermath of the World war 11 and the occupation of Japan by American forces, the Zaibatsu system was broken down and this gave rise to what is what is known as the Keiretsu system which is nothing but a group of companies with cross shareholdings and preferential business practices. Though the American government was bent on totally destroying the protectionary policies that the Zaibatsu system represented and proceeded with the dissolution of many Zaibatsu such as Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima, etc they stopped short of complete dissolution owing to fear of the intrusion of China’s communist practices into Japan. The formation of Keiretsu was an attempt to democratize the Japanese economy and to eliminate the restrictive policies (Thorson Whitney, 2003). A brief overview of the firm structures in the Keiretsu and flourishing of Japanese economy between 1950-90, and its implications to the current Japanese e conomy would be discussed in this paper. Zaibatsu (Upto 1945) As briefly mentioned above, the Zaibatsu promoted a strong monopoly with holding companies at the top of the pyramid controlling all the operations between the various enterprises within the pyramid. Holding companies typically enjoyed the majority of the stocks of these businesses and more than 50% of the overall stocks of all the small companies that constitute the Zaibatsu were owned by its members (Thorson Whitney, 2003). Stock options were never sold out to any third parties not connected with the zaibatsu making it a totally closed economic structure. The Zaibatsu was in short, a government led economic drive with strategies as well as resources provided for by the government. Japan’s industrial growth witnessed a rapid upswing under the Zaibatsu system. Buoyed by it success at home, the Japanese government forced the Zaibatsu system in Korea when it colonized the country (Shim Lee, 2008, pg 49). The Zaibatsu enjoyed complete domination with Mitsui, Sumitomo and Mitsubishi, enjoying as much as 28% of the assets in Japanese companies by 1929. Just when the World War II was about to finish the Zaibatsu had 22.9% of the Japanese company stocks. Thus a handful of Japanese families had control over a vast majority of the Japanese enterprises under the Zaibatsu system. The structure of the Zaibatsu changed very quickly and soon there was intense diversification. For instance the single Mitsubishi Corporation rapidly diversified its business in to mining, shipping, insurance, trading, etc in a very short period of time and soon transformed into a holding company that was at the top of the Pyramid controlling a range of individual yet affiliated businesses. The Iwasaki family owned and controlled the entire business network of Mitsubishi (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). Keiretsu Keiretsu represents a cluster of enterprises that are linked to each other by way of cross shareholdings and preferential trading practices creating mutual interests in the business progress. Keiretsu are basically divided into two main types’ namely Vertical keiretsu and horizontal keiretsu. However there are also other keiretsu such as the distribution keiretsu that relate to the distribution networks of big manufacturers. For instance the distribution networks of Matsushita, Fuji Photo Film, etc come under the distribution Keiretsu (Shimotani, 1995). Keiretsu emerged as a protective response to the dissolution and distribution of the largely family owned stocks of the Zaibatsu. When hostile companies were taking over the zaibatsu firms the three main Zaibatsu leaders convened and arranged a solution of cross shareholding and preferential trading policies that enabled them to retain the overall control of the enterprises among themselves. For instance the Mitsui, Sumitomo an d Mitsubishi zaibatsu formed this strategic pact of cross shareholdings to maintain their stronghold in the business. This is how the Keiretsu emerged from the Zaibatsu. Soon by the 1960’s a few big financial institutions in Japan such as Dai-Ichi Kangyo, Fuji and Sanwa joined with the Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and Mitsui to constitute what was popularly known as the six horizontal Keiretsu (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). Periodic meetings between the president’s council (shacho-kai) members and executive exchanges and cross share holdings formed the glue between these six Keiretsu. You read "International Business in Japan" in category "Essay examples" The horizontal Keiretsu is centered around a large bank. On the other hand, the vertical Keiretsu are the large manufacturing companies and supply chain companies, the distributors etc. Unlike the Horizontal Keiretsu there is no president’s council in the vertical Keiretsu but the groups of suppliers of a manufacturing firm represent that role (Miwa and Ramsayer, 2006). Similar to the horizontal Keiretsu, the firms in the vertical keiretsu are also linked together by share holdings across firms and preferential business policies. In vertical Keiretsu there is improved knowledge sharing by way of business transfers including exchange of experts and technical staff members across the vertical network. Overall, vertical Keiretsu promotes improved cohesion among the network firms. In fact, the increased dependence of main firms on the supplier firms in the vertical Keiretsu even lead to large scale investments by these ancillary Japanese firms in US following the footsteps of the Japanese automobile manufacturing firms setting up their FDI in that Country (Banerji Sambharya ,1996). In technology intensive industries of Japan vertical Keiretsu has greatly improved their international competitiveness by facilitating rapid knowledge sharing across the partnership firms. Empirical studies that measured the effects of such knowledge sharing across the firms in the vertical Keiretsu clearly suggest positive productive gains (Branstetter, 2000). One of the important advantages of the vertical keiretsu is the improved coordination between the suppliers and the assemblers. In the keiretsu automotive industries the suppliers receive plenty of support in products manufacturing , processing and people management. This is distinctly different from the US approach where the suppliers and the assembly line operate entirely independently. This model of operation facilitates both the parties as it helps to reduce the overall risk for either party. (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009) Thus the Keiretsu improved knowledge transfer among the networked firms, improved productivity, reduced risk for the firms and gave the Japanese companies clear advantage in the international market. Furthermore, Gerlach (2004), also notes that the Keiretsus were particularly important due to their one-set principle and networking. For instance, synergies were achieved in input and output, especially in the case of manufacturing. Centralized systems and departments were used in conducting basic support operations, which helped all subsidiaries in cost savings (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). Also, profit-trapping mechanisms were used in place, by distributing them effectively through subsidiaries (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). Cross shareholdings were also particularly important as it helped avoid takeovers, encouraged risk taking amongst companies, and had a long term outlook on strategy (Sturgeon, 2006). One of the important examples of the vertical Keiretsu is the Toyota group. In fact, Toyota has a unique distinction of being both a horizontal keiretsu as well as a vertical keiretsu. They key difference is that the massive size of the Toyota organization makes it possible to exist wi thout being controlled by a central bank as is the case with horizontal keiretsu. Toyota with more than $72 billion in annual revenue has the financial might to stand for itself without the dependence of any major funding source. However, it is associated with the Mitsui group horizontally. Toyota is also widely diversified like a horizontal keiretsu company with its firms representing industries as varied as real estate, computer development, aircraft development, nonlife insurance, etc. The disintegration of the Keiretsu (Why keiretsu failed?) The keiretsu system started to decline slowly by the early nineties and one study by Gerlach (2004) that analyzed the cluster networking pattern of 257 Japanese organizations between 1978 and 1998 found clear evidence indicating this shift away from the Keiretsu. Analysis of cross shareholdings further confirmed the decline of the keiretsu structure (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). By the late nineties many major banks that were previously the core of the Horizontal keiretsu had already sold off major portions of their shares to international financial institutions (Ahmadjian and Robinson, 2001). Several Bank mergers further shook the keiretsu structure. Starting with the Mitsui and Taiyo-Kobe Bank merger in 1990 to the 1998 merger of Industrial Bank of Japan, Fuji and Dai-ichi Kangyo bank the largescale mergers of Japanese financial institutions led to consolidation of the related keiretsu firms (Lincoln Shimotani, 2009). Globalization and technological changes further led to the withering of the Keiretsu. The numbers of board of directors were reduced and many foreign personals took up the position. International investors further demanded the selling off of the stocks in supplier firms and other affiliate firms. Furthermore, the global shift towards modular production system and the production efficiency that it gave rise to, along with a degree of independence between the firms that are involved, kind of eroded the production line advantages that Japanese firms specialized in mass production under the keiretsu system had enjoyed for a long period. The growth of information technology and the adaptation of computer simulation technologies in production testing and experimentation and swift data exchange between the firms reduced the need for physical communication (which was key in Keiretsu) and drastically improved value chain management.(Sturgeon, 2006) Modular production is propelled by ease of systems integration facilitated by information technology. By the 1990’s modular production system was already in place in the US electronic industry with its contract manufacturers spread across the globe. While the American firms capitalized on the internet enabled modular production systems and dominated the electronics industry and related computer hardware industry, Japanese electronics industry was still sticking to the ‘components plus products’ strategy. Cisco systems for instance enjoyed total domination in the network routers market enjoying as much as 80% of the market share while simply outsourcing its device production to contracted producers such as Solectron and Flextronics. Often the production centers are located in low cost regions such as China giving a distinct advantage for the modular production strategy. This contrast between the modular production strategies of the American firms and the in house à ¢â‚¬Ëœintegrated production system’ of the Japanese keiretsu firms gave a clear advantage to the American firms. In other words, the Japanese keiretsu firms could not handle the ‘mega competition’ from the American firms which specialize in single core functions or narrow core competencies. The following figure 1 illustrates the loss suffered by the Japanese keiretsu electronic industries in the early years of the new millennium. (Sturgeon, 2006) Another factor that accompanied global trade is the fluctuation of the exchange rates and its influence on the profit margin. Furthermore, the expansion into international markets and the associated transportation costs motivated many of Japan’s manufacturing firms to move their production facilities abroad as a cost effective solution. Though some suppliers too moved and invested in these new countries, in most cases the central firms such as Toyota started building trust and relationships with the local suppliers. Furthermore, changes in Japanese economic reforms including the Tax policies did not tolerate risk sharing measures as they used to before which clearly undermined one of the key Keiretsu principles. Conclusion The Large capitalist and mostly single family based zaibatsu companies flourished during the early twentieth century creating industrial monopolies that were closely controlled by the government. Zaibatsu led to what is known as a static system as most of the stocks are retained by the family that controls the business. Furthermore Zaibatsu promoted weak competition leading to what is known as ‘cordial oligopoly’.) Keiretsu on the other hand with its cross stockholdings is more dynamic and provided a more competitive business economy that continued to drive the Japanese economy during the post war period. The high cohesion that existed between the participating firms in the vertical keiretsu resulted in production and operational efficiency that gave Japanese manufacturers significant advantages in international markets. However, the Keiretsu principles of ‘preferential business’ affected foreign companies from entering the Japanese markets. Globalization and increasing pressures from international organizations to sell off stocks in affiliated firms affected the cohesion that previously existed between the participating firms in the keiretsu network. Furthermore, the successful integration and mass production strategies of the keiretsu networks that helped Japanese manufacturing firms flourish were soon affected by the shift in global production strategies. Particularly, the concept of modular production where product design could be isolated from its manufacture and the shift towards outsourcing in the western world created a dent in the Japanese manufacturing sector which was still stuck with the ‘in house production’ policies. The impact of information technology and the internet in particular enabled the western countries implement modular production strategies and improved value chain management with setting up of contracted production centers across the globe. The japans keiretsu firms struggled to fi ght the American companies that specialized in single core functions leading to what is known as the mega competition. These fundamental shifts in organizational structure and strategies in the West have made the Keiretsu networks unsuitable under modern globally competitive and technologically advanced market conditions. There is definitely a shift towards a more western centric business organization. Bibliography Ahmadjian, Christina L and Patricia Robinson. (2001). Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the New Political Economy of Structural Adjustment and Globalization, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Jae Seung Shim Moosung lee, (2008), The Korean Economic System, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. England. James R Lincoln Mashiro Shimotani, (2009), Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper series, [online] University of California, viewed Mar 9th 2012, Katharina Niciejewska, (2007) The Influence of Social networks in Japanese business. Keiretsu as a Japanese Network. Auflage , Germany. Kunal Banerji PhD Rakesh B Sambharya, (1996), Vertical Keiretsu and international market entry: The case of the Japanese automobile ancillary industry, Journal of international business studies. Vol 27, No 1. Lee Branstetter (2000), Vertical Keiretsu and Knowledge Spillovers in Japanese Manufacturing: An Empirical assessment, Journal of Japanese and International Economies , Vol 14, Issue 2, pg 73-104 Miwa, Yoshiro and J. Mark Ramsayer. 2006. The Fable of the Keiretsu: Urban Legends of the Japanese Economy. University of Chicago Press, 2006. Thayer Watkins, The Toyoto Group: The One and Only Horizontal and Vertical Keiretsu, [Online] San Jose State University, viewed Mar 9th 2012, Timothy J Sturgeon, (2006), Modular Productions Impact on Japan’s Electronic industry, MIT, IPC Working papers series. Viewed Mar 10th 2012, How to cite International Business in Japan, Essay examples

What You Need to Know About Browns PLME

Dreamt about being a doctor since you’re kid? If so, then you need to know about Brown University’s PLME. What is Brown’s PLME? Brown’s Program in Liberal Medical Education, more commonly known as PLME, combines the undergraduate education and professional medical studies in a single 8-year program. Judging by the number of years, you should note that PLME is not an accelerated program. The purpose of the program is to give students the opportunity to gain admission to medical school without sacrificing the benefits of first receiving a liberal arts education. Benefits of Brown’s PLME 1. Open Curriculum Brown University is most well-known for its undergraduate open curriculum. There are no core requirements for enrolled students, so they have the freedom to choose what they wish to study. The only specific requirement for Brown students is to successfully finish at least 30 courses in 8 semesters, to complete at least one concentration program (a.k.a. major), and to demonstrate excellent written English skills by graduation. Under Brown’s undergraduate open curriculum, students have the flexibility and options of studying anything from the Art History to Biology. While this is so also true for other pre-medical programs, there is less pressure for students to major in a hard science since they’ve already been accepted to the Warren Alpert Medical School. 2. No MCAT Good news! Once you get accepted to PLME, you’re accepted to both the undergraduate program at Brown University and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. This means there’s no need for you to study for the dreaded MCAT. 3. Single Application Since you’ve already been accepted to the Warren Alpert Medical School, you do not have to submit another medical school application! Typically, pre-med students would have to complete their medical school applications during senior year of college. Application Requirements for PLME1. Recommended Courses in HS There aren’t high school prerequisites for students, but PLME are encouraged to take up honors and AP classes that are offered at their high school. Here are a few of the recommendations:4 years of English, with significant emphasis on writing 3 years of college preparatory mathematics 3 years of foreign language 2 years of laboratory science above the freshman level 2 years of history, including American history 2. Standardized Testing Requirements Brown University’s PLME allows students to take either the ACT or the SAT. If you choose to take the ACT, the ACT Writing portion is required. The program also requires 2 SAT subject tests. PLME applicants are encouraged to take one of them in a science. Please note if you get a score over 750 for the Physics SAT Subject Test, you fulfill the PLME Physics Competency. Take it under consideration, as it may help you in the future! 3. Supplemental Essays The application to Brown’s PLME is available on the Common Application. On top of the general Brown University application, students are also required to answer two additional supplemental essay prompts: PLME Supplement Essay Prompt 1: Most high school seniors are unsure about eventual career choices. What experiences have led you to consider medicine as your future profession? Please describe specifically why you have chosen to apply to the Program in Liberal Medical Education in pursuit of your career in medicine. Also, be sure to indicate your rationale on how the PLME is a â€Å"good fit† for your personal, academic, and future professional goals. (Please limit your response to this question to 500 words.) PLME Supplement Essay Prompt 2: Since the Program in Liberal Medical Education espouses a broad-based liberal education, please describe your fields of interest in both the sciences and the liberal arts. Be specific about what courses and aspects of the program will be woven into a potential educational plan. (Please limit your response to this question to 500 words.) PLME Successful Essay Examples EJW2154 Brown University ‘20 A few months ago, I came across a video called the â€Å"Brown Difference.† If I hadn’t seen that video, I would never have believed that another person had pursued the same esoteric double concentration that attracted me. Jennifer Tsai, class of 2014, spoke of not only her studies in Human and Health Biology and Ethnic Studies, but also of Brown’s PLME program that supported her to thrive in these two seemingly disparate fields. Her words echo not only the path I want to take, but also the community to thrive in. Keep reading.Morgan Brown University The most attractive feature of the PLME program is the heavy emphasis on liberal arts education in order to fully achieve a medical doctorate. As a Latin scholar at a high school for science and technology, I have always made sacrifices to pursue the classics, and have been planning to do the same throughout college. However, because the PLME encourages and allows for a premedical student to fully indulge in a liberal arts education, this program would be a perfect fit for me. I would plan to take the necessary premedical courses as well as the related science courses that interest me, specifically to prepare me for a career in anesthesiology. These include Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology in Medicine, Tissue Engineering, and Synthetic Biological Systems. Continue reading. What You Need to Know about PLME 1. Applicants and Acceptance Rates This BS/MD program is highly selective, since it accepts students to both the undergraduate and graduate program at Brown. The school usually only accepts approximately 100 PLME students every graduating class. To put this into perspective, PLME’s acceptance rate was 3.67% in 2015, while Brown’s overall acceptance rate in 2015 was 9.5%. 2. Early Regular Decision PLME applicants can submit their application during both the Early Decision round and the Regular Decision round. Because you’re applying to both the university and the medical school, there are a few things you should know. 3. Transfer Opportunity If you’re accepted to Brown’s PLME, you’re accepted to the college and the medical school. That’s pretty straightforward. PLME applicants can be accepted early decision to the College only and not the PLME. Early PLME applicants are bounded by the early decision agreement and are obligated to enroll regardless of the outcome of the PLME application. Students rejected from the PLME early decision will be reconsidered for regular decision. Applicants not admitted to the PLME will still be considered for admission to the College for their undergraduate degree. The PLME is only offered to prospective freshmen students. It is not available for students who are transferring from other universities. No internal transfers are available to Brown students as well. 4. Withdrawal or Other Medical Schools Once you’re accepted to the PLME, you will have to complete the requirements of all PLME students. There are specific PLME courses students have to take and are more rigorous than the general pre-medical studies. PLME students also have a grade level they must maintain throughout their 4 undergraduate years at Brown. PLME students are free to apply out of PLME, which means they are free to apply to other medical schools. In order to do so, they must notify the university by September 15th of their senior year. If you choose to apply out, you will forfeit your reserved spot at the Warren Alpet Medical School. You’ll be required to follow traditional medical school application path, including taking the MCAT. You are welcome to re-apply to Warren Alpet, along with other medical schools you wish to apply to. Ourpremium plansoffer different level of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!